ecause
and because of
Because & because of (karena)
Because of adalah preposisi – itu diikuti oleh klausa nomina / kata
benda atau kata ganti
Contoh :
- I am here because of the job offer
Because adalah kata sambung- itu diikuti oleh subjek dan kata kerja
Contoh :
- I came here because this is a good school
3. Between & among
(antara)
Between menunjukkan pilihan dari dua hal
Contoh :
- The work is split between the two secretaries
Among menunjukkan pilihan yang lebih dari dua hal
Contoh :
- All five of them split the chores among themselves
4. Despite & in spite of
(meski & meskipun)
Despitekontras menunjukkan situasi, mengejutkan
Jangan gunakan dengan “of”
In spite of kontras menunjukkan, situasi yang mengejutkan – harus
diikuti dengan “of“
Titik kuncinya adalah “of“:
tidak mengatakan “despite of“
5. Instead of & instead
(alih-alih & bukan)
Kedua preposisi memiliki arti yang
sama, tetapi “instead” pergi di akhir kalimat, sementara “instead of”
kebutuhan objek
Contoh :
- He chose to go to Europe instead of Asia for his vacation
- She didn’t want to go to Asia – she wanted to go to Europe instead
Soal
I .........go
to see the doctor last week because I was very ill.
(a)
must (b)
must to (c) had to
I could.........bought
that car but I didn't have enough money to pay for the petrol.
(a)
had (b)
have (c) have to
I.........go
now because I am already late for my class.
(a)
must (b) had (c)
have to
I may.........able
to come to your party if I have the time.
(a)
be (b) being
(c) being to
Do you.........clean
the house every day or every week?
(a)
must (b) have (c) have to
I.........speak
French without a problem now because I have had many lessons.
(a) may (b) can (c) have
They.........do
their homework today because it is a holiday at the school.
(a) must not
(b) don't have (c) don't have
to
I.........help
you with your shopping because you have a lot of bags.
(a) ought (b) ought to
(c)
thought
When will you.........come and see
us in our new house?
(a) can (b) be able to (c)
must
I may.........go
to Paris next week because there is a very big exhibition there.
(a)
have (b) have to (c) had
Noun
clause
Pengertian
noun clause
Noun
clause adalah klausa yang berfungsi
sebagai nomina. Karena fungsinya sebagai nomina, maka noun clause
dapat menduduki posisi-posisi berikut:
- Subjek kalimat (subject of a sentence)
- Objek verba transitif (object of a transitive verb)
- Objek preposisi (object of a preposition)
- Pelengkap (complement)
- Pemberi keterangan tambahan (noun in apposition)
Untuk lebih jelasnya, perhatikanlah
contoh-contoh di bawah ini!
Noun clause sebagai subjek kalimat
Contoh:
What you said doesn’t convince me at all.
How he becomes so rich makes people curious.
What the salesman has said is untrue.
That the world is round is a fact.
Noun clause
sebagai objek preposisi
Contoh:
Please listen to what your
teacher is saying.
Budi pays full attention to how
the native speaker is pronouncing the English
word.
Be careful of what you’re
doing.
Noun clause sebagai pelegkap
Contoh:
The good news is that the
culprit has been put into the jail.
This is what I want.
That is what you need.
Soal
1. The king ordered that the traitor
should be put to death.
2. He said that he would not go.
3. That he is not interested in the offer is known to us.
4. He said that he was not feeling well.
5. I cannot rely on what he says.
6. I don’t know where he has gone.
7. He asked whether the servant had polished his shoes.
8. The news that he is alive has been confirmed.
9. The belief that the soul is immortal is almost universal.
10. It is certain that we will have to admit defeat.
11. It was fortunate that he was present.
12. The report that only ten persons were killed in the riots is not true.
Answers2. He said that he would not go.
3. That he is not interested in the offer is known to us.
4. He said that he was not feeling well.
5. I cannot rely on what he says.
6. I don’t know where he has gone.
7. He asked whether the servant had polished his shoes.
8. The news that he is alive has been confirmed.
9. The belief that the soul is immortal is almost universal.
10. It is certain that we will have to admit defeat.
11. It was fortunate that he was present.
12. The report that only ten persons were killed in the riots is not true.
1. Here the noun clause ‘that the traitor should be put to death’ is that object of the verb ordered.
2. Here the noun clause ‘that he would not go’ is the object of the verb said.
3. Here the noun clause ‘that he is not interested in the offer’ is the subject of the verb is.
4. Here the noun clause ‘that he was not feeling well’ is the object of the verb said.
5. Here the noun clause ‘what he says’ is the object of the preposition on.
6. Here the noun clause ‘where he has gone’ is the object of the verb know.
7. Here the noun clause ‘whether the servant had polished his shoes’ is the object of the verb asked.
8. Here the noun clause ‘that he is alive’ is in apposition to the noun news.
9. Here the noun clause ‘that the soul is immortal’ is in apposition to the noun belief.
10. Here the noun clause ‘that we will have to admit defeat’ is in apposition to the pronoun it.
Have something done
Dalam Bahasa Inggris, kita tidak dapat mengatakan seperti "we do something", "we did something" atau "we are going to do something" jika kenyataannya orang lain yang mengerjakan perkerjaan itu. Dalam Bahasa Inggris, kalau Anda berkata "I am going to cut my hair", berarti Anda duduk di kursi, di depan cermin, dan dengan gunting di tangan Anda, Anda memotong rambut Anda sendiri.
Maka untuk mengatakan bahwa orang lain lah yang mengerjakan perkerjaan itu untuk kita, maka strukturnya yang tepat adalah to have something done:
Dalam Bahasa Inggris, kita tidak dapat mengatakan seperti "we do something", "we did something" atau "we are going to do something" jika kenyataannya orang lain yang mengerjakan perkerjaan itu. Dalam Bahasa Inggris, kalau Anda berkata "I am going to cut my hair", berarti Anda duduk di kursi, di depan cermin, dan dengan gunting di tangan Anda, Anda memotong rambut Anda sendiri.
Maka untuk mengatakan bahwa orang lain lah yang mengerjakan perkerjaan itu untuk kita, maka strukturnya yang tepat adalah to have something done:
- I am going to have my hair cut.
- I have my car serviced every two months.
- We had the house redecorated over the summer
Anda boleh juga menggunakan kata
"get" sebagai pengganti "have":
- I am going to get my hair cut.
- I get my car serviced every two months.
- We got the house redecorated over the summer.
Soal
:
- we asked our treasury to buy our new book yesterday
- She asks her mom to cook dinner for her.
- He had his brother done his homework last night.
- Tomi is asking Bill to write the report at the moment.
- Mike asks Jenni to save his data
- Bob has his packages delivered by the postman.
- Eddy had his data changed by his secretary last week
- Marie is having her house painted by the workmen at the moment.
- Jonny has his car parked by the parking man.
- They are asking their maid to clean their room right now.
Degree
of comparison
Positive Degree
Merupakan perbandingan dua nilai yang sama , biasanya menggunakan dua pola, yaitu as ... as ... dan the same as ...
contoh :
- Solo is as beautiful as Surabaya
- Her love is as much as mine
- Sony and toshiba have the same price
Comparative Degree
Menyatakan perbandingan bahwa sesuatu lebih atau kurang dari yang lain. Beberapa cara untuk mengekspresikan perbandingan tersebut antara lain :
1. Menggunakan kata penghubung than
2. Menambahkan akhiran -er pada kata sifat yang terdiri dari satu atau dua suku kata (misal : short, tall, dsb)
3. Menambahkan kata depan more apabila kata sifat lebih dari tiga suku atau apabila yang dibandingkan adalah kata keterangan
contoh :
- Rio is much taller than lely
- Notebook is more expensive than personal computer
- Marry finished the test more quickly than jack
Superlative Degree
Digunakan untu menyatakan hal yang paling ter- dari segala hal lainnya yang menjadi perbandingan
1. Menambahkan kata sandang the di depan kata sifat ataupun di depan kata keterangan
2. Menambahkan akhiran -est pada kata sifat yang terdiri dari satu atau dua suku kata (misal : short, tall, dsb)
3. Menambahkan kata depan most apabila kata sifat lebih dari tiga suku atau apabila yang dibandingkan adalah kata keterangan
contoh :
- He is the smastest boys in my class
- Ina is the most beautiful girls in my school
- Hani finished the test the most quickly
SoalMerupakan perbandingan dua nilai yang sama , biasanya menggunakan dua pola, yaitu as ... as ... dan the same as ...
contoh :
- Solo is as beautiful as Surabaya
- Her love is as much as mine
- Sony and toshiba have the same price
Comparative Degree
Menyatakan perbandingan bahwa sesuatu lebih atau kurang dari yang lain. Beberapa cara untuk mengekspresikan perbandingan tersebut antara lain :
1. Menggunakan kata penghubung than
2. Menambahkan akhiran -er pada kata sifat yang terdiri dari satu atau dua suku kata (misal : short, tall, dsb)
3. Menambahkan kata depan more apabila kata sifat lebih dari tiga suku atau apabila yang dibandingkan adalah kata keterangan
contoh :
- Rio is much taller than lely
- Notebook is more expensive than personal computer
- Marry finished the test more quickly than jack
Superlative Degree
Digunakan untu menyatakan hal yang paling ter- dari segala hal lainnya yang menjadi perbandingan
1. Menambahkan kata sandang the di depan kata sifat ataupun di depan kata keterangan
2. Menambahkan akhiran -est pada kata sifat yang terdiri dari satu atau dua suku kata (misal : short, tall, dsb)
3. Menambahkan kata depan most apabila kata sifat lebih dari tiga suku atau apabila yang dibandingkan adalah kata keterangan
contoh :
- He is the smastest boys in my class
- Ina is the most beautiful girls in my school
- Hani finished the test the most quickly
1. Andi is 165 cm tall. Donna is 167 cm tall. So, Donna is taller than Andi.
2. My father is 45 years old. My mother is 46 years old. So, My mother is older than my father.
3. A buffalo is big. But, an elephant is bigger than a cow.
4. Bengawan Solo river is long but Nil river is longer than Bengawan Solo river.
5. Most students think Mathematic is more difficult than Social Science.
6. Roger is 12 years old. Danu is 15 years old. So, Roger is younger than Danu.
7. A hill is shorter than a mountain.
8. A horse runs faster than a goat.
9. A car’s price is usually more expensive than a motorbike’s price.
10. The red jacket is 60,000 rupiahs. The blue jacket costs 75,000 rupiahs. The red jacket is cheaper than the blue jacket.
Adjective and adverb
ADJECTIVES
Kata Sifat-Kata Sifat
Adjective (kata sifat) adalah kata
yang digunakan untuk memberi sifat pada kata benda. Tiap kata sifat mempunyai
kekuatan yang bersifat membatasi, dan kata sifat itu boleh diberikan definisi
sebagai kata yang digunakan untuk mebatasi pemakaian kata benda.
Ada enam jenis kata sifat :
- Proper adjective (kata sifat nama diri)
- Descriptive adjective (kata sifat deskriptif)
- Quantitative adjective (kata sifat kuantitatif)
- Numeral adjective (kata sifat numeral)
- Demonstrative adjective (kata sifat demonstratif)
- Distributive adjective (kata sifat distributif)
Soal
1. Rita plays the
violin well.
2. That is an intense novel.
3. The sun is shining
brightly.
4. The girls speak fluent French.
5. The boys speak
Spanish fluently.
6. The table has a smooth surface.
7. We must figure our
income tax returns accurately.
8. We don't like to
drink bitter tea.
9. The plane will
arrive soon.
10. He had an
accident because he was driving too fast.
